Colorectal

Colon Cancer : Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the large intestine (colon) or rectum. It typically starts as small, noncancerous polyps that can develop into cancer over time if not detected and removed. Symptoms may include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Risk factors include age, a family history of colon cancer, certain genetic conditions, and lifestyle factors like poor diet and lack of exercise. Early detection through screening, such as colonoscopy, is crucial for effective treatment and improved survival rates.

Rectal Cancer : Rectal cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the rectum, the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus. It often begins as small, noncancerous polyps that can grow into cancer over time. Common symptoms include rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, a feeling of incomplete bowel movements, and unexplained weight loss. Risk factors include age (usually over 50), family history of colorectal cancer, genetic mutations like Lynch syndrome, and lifestyle factors such as a low-fiber diet, smoking, and obesity. Early detection through screenings like colonoscopies is crucial for effective treatment. Treatment often involves surgery, sometimes combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, depending on the stage of cancer. Maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking can reduce the risk of rectal cancer.

Ulcerative Colitis : Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum. The exact cause is unknown, but it's believed to involve an abnormal immune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the colon's tissue. Symptoms typically include abdominal pain, diarrhea (often with blood or pus), fatigue, weight loss, and frequent bowel movements. Ulcerative colitis usually develops gradually and can range from mild to severe. Risk factors include family history, age (often diagnosed in young adults), and certain environmental triggers. While there is no cure, treatments such as anti-inflammatory drugs, immune system suppressants, and biologics can help manage symptoms and induce remission. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove the colon. A healthy diet, stress management, and regular medical care can help manage the condition.

Rectal Prolapse : Rectal prolapse is a medical condition where the rectum, the last part of the large intestine, slips through the anus, turning inside out. It often occurs due to weakened pelvic muscles, chronic constipation, or straining during bowel movements. Symptoms include a visible bulge, discomfort, and sometimes leakage of stool or mucus. Though more common in older adults, it can affect people of any age. Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes, such as increasing fiber intake, to surgical procedures in severe cases. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent complications.

Colonic Diverticulitis / Perforation / Colovesicle - Rectovesicle Fistula : Colonic diverticulitis occurs when small pouches, called diverticula, that form in the colon wall become inflamed or infected. This condition can cause abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. In severe cases, diverticula may perforate, leading to a tear in the colon wall, which can result in life-threatening infections like peritonitis. A colovesical or rectovesical fistula is a rare complication where an abnormal connection forms between the colon or rectum and the bladder. This can cause recurrent urinary tract infections, fecal matter in the urine, and pneumaturia (air in the urine). Treatment often involves antibiotics, bowel rest, and surgical repair for more advanced cases.